Molecularly engineered islet cell clusters for diabetes mellitus treatment.

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a promising method for curing diabetes mellitus. We proposed in this study a molecularly engineered islet cell clusters (ICCs) that could overcome problems posed by islet transplantation circumstances and host's immune reactions. A gene containing highly releasable exendin-4, an insulinotropic protein, was delivered into single islet cells to enhance glucose sensitivity; thereafter, the cells were reaggregated into small size ICCs. Then the surface of ICCs was modified with biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid (PEG) (C18) for preventing immune reactions. The regimen of ICCs with low doses of anti-CD154 mAb and tacrolimus could effectively maintain the normal glucose level in diabetic mice. This molecularly engineered PEG-Sp-Ex-4 ICC regimen prevented cell death in transplantation site, partly through improving the regulation of glucose metabolism and by preventing hypoxia- and immune response-induced apoptosis. Application of this remedy is also potentially far-reaching; one would be to help overcome islet supply shortage due to the limited availability of pancreas donors and reduce the immunosuppressant regimens to eliminate their adverse effects.